Understanding context.params and req.nextUrl.searchParams() in Next.js
1. context.params for Dynamic Routes
In Next.js, dynamic routes are created by using brackets in the file names inside the pages directory (or in the /app directory in the case of the App Router). For example, if you create a file called [id].js, you are creating a dynamic route where id is a parameter.
Example:

const { id } = context.params;

2. req.nextUrl.searchParams() for Query Strings
Query strings are parameters passed through the URL, typically after a ? symbol. These are useful for handling additional data or filters that don’t affect the route structure.
In Next.js, with the App Router or when using API routes, you can use req.nextUrl.searchParams() to access query parameters.
Example:

const searchParams = req.nextUrl.searchParams;
const searchTerm = searchParams.get('query'); // ?query=nextjs

Key Differences:

• Dynamic Routes (context.params) are part of the URL path, like /product/123, where 123 is dynamically extracted.
• Query Strings (req.nextUrl.searchParams) are optional parameters passed in the URL, like /api/search?query=nextjs.
Both are useful depending on whether you want to make the parameters part of the URL path or pass them as additional optional information.
#nextJS #query #dynamic-params

Pagy Gem for Efficient Pagination in Rails

A fast, lightweight, and efficient solution for pagination in Ruby on Rails applications.


Why pagy?

1. Faster and less resource heavy when compared to other pagination gems like Kaminari or Will Paginate
2. Highly customizable : We can easily configure pagy through pagy.rb initializer file like default items per page.etc
3. "Helpful" Helpers : Pagy provides various helper methods that make it easy to implement pagination in views with minimal code.
4. Efficiency: It significantly reduces the number of queries, making it ideal for large datasets.
5. Performance-Oriented: Pagy is claiming to perform up to 40x faster than other pagination gems such as Kaminari and Will Paginate
Example Usage:

Code for basic pagination:

In the controllers (e.g. application_controller.rb)

include Pagy::Backend

In the Helpers (e.g. application_helper.rb)

include Pagy::Frontend

Wrap your collections with pagy in your actions :

@pagy, @records = pagy(Product.all)

Optionally set your defaults in the pagy initializer pagy.rb :

# Set default items per page and navigation size
Pagy::DEFAULT[:items] = 10  # items per page
Pagy::DEFAULT[:size]  = [1, 4, 4, 1]  # control how many navigation links are shown

In the view:

<%= pagy_nav(@pagy) %>

1. pagy_nav: Renders the full pagination navigation links (next, previous, and page numbers).
2. pagy_info: Displays pagination information such as the range of items being shown and the total count.
Some additional helpers:

1. pagy.from: This returns the starting index of the current page’s items.
2. : This returns the ending index of the current page’s items.
3. pagy.count: This returns the total number of items being paginated.

Example Usage:

Showing <%= pagy.from(@pagy) %> to <%= pagy.to(@pagy) %> of <%= @pagy.count %> items.

If we are on page 1 and displaying 8 items per page and total count is 20, This would display Showing 1 to 8 of 20 items Giving more clarity about the pagination, making it user-friendly

#pagy #pagination #RubyOnRails

CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is a type of attack where a malicious actor tricks a user into performing unwanted actions on a web application in which the user is authenticated. The attacker essentially "forges" a request from the user's browser without their consent, taking advantage of the user's active session with the target website.

How CSRF Works:
1. User Authentication: The user logs into a website (e.g., a banking website) and receives a session cookie that keeps them authenticated.
2. User Visits a Malicious Site: While logged in, the user visits a malicious site or clicks on a malicious link.
3. Forged Request: The malicious site generates a hidden request (such as a form submission) to the target site (e.g., bank) on behalf of the user, utilizing the user's active session and browser cookies.
4. Unintended Action: Since the user is authenticated, the target site processes the request as valid, allowing the attacker to perform actions like transferring money, changing account details, etc.

CSRF Prevention Mechanisms:
To protect against CSRF, developers can implement several mechanisms:
1. CSRF Tokens: The most common and effective defense.
◦ Every form submission or sensitive request includes a hidden, random token (CSRF token) that is unique to the user's session.
◦ The server validates the token before processing the request, ensuring the request originated from a legitimate source.
2. SameSite Cookies: A modern defense where cookies are only sent with requests originating from the same site.
◦ Setting SameSite attribute in cookies can prevent browsers from sending cookies in cross-origin requests.
◦ Set-Cookie: sessionID=abc123; SameSite=Strict;
NextAuth.js and CSRF Protection:
In the context of NextAuth.js, CSRF protection is enabled by default when handling authentication requests. It ensures that malicious websites can’t perform unwanted actions on behalf of a logged-in user.
#csrf #security

Swr:
Stale-While-Revalidate is a popular strategy that first returns the data from stale(cache), then send the fetch request (revalidate), and finally come with the up-to-date data.

Why swr?
Instant Loading (Faster User Experience)
Background Revalidation of the data
Improves Offline/Slow Network Experience

We have two most common hooks from SWR data-fetching library to implement swr in our React/Next application -
1. useSWR - with useSWR we can easily fetch data from an API or any source. The hook automatically handles everything like caching, revalidation, error handling, and cache data updates. For example, it revalidates the data when component mounts, when the user refocuses the browser tab, reconnects to the internet, or on custom revalidation interval.

import useSWR from 'swr';

// Fetcher function
const fetcher = (url) => fetch(url).then((res) => res.json());

function MyComponent() {
  const { data, error, isLoading } = useSWR('', fetcher);

  if (error) return <div>Error loading data</div>;
  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>;

  return <div>{JSON.stringify(data)}</div>;
}

2. useSWRMutation - It complements useSWR by providing a way to modify data, such as performing create, update, or delete operations. While useSWR is designed for reading data and displaying it in your app, useSWRMutation focuses on mutating or updating that data on the server side.

import useSWRMutation from 'swr/mutation';

// Function to update data
const updateData = (url, { arg }) =>
  fetch(url, {
    method: 'PUT',
    body: JSON.stringify(arg),
    headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
  });

function MyMutationComponent() {
  const { trigger, isMutating } = useSWRMutation('', updateData);

  const handleUpdate = async () => {
    await trigger({ id: 1, name: 'New Name' });
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <button onClick={handleUpdate} disabled={isMutating}>
        Update Item
      </button>
      {isMutating && <span>Updating...</span>}
    </div>
  );
}

#swr #hook #react #next

Schema Validation with Zod: Why and How?
When building APIs, validating the structure and content of incoming requests is crucial for security, consistency, and reliability. Using a library like zod allows you to define schemas that describe the expected data format and then easily validate incoming data. Here’s how and why we use it in a Next.js API.
Why Validate?
1. Security: Ensure only well-formed data reaches your application, preventing injection attacks or bad data.
2. Consistency: Guarantees that the data has the correct shape, making it easier to work with.
3. Error Handling: Helps provide meaningful error messages when the validation fails.
Example: Standup Schema Validation
Using zod, we can define a schema for our "standup" object and use it to validate incoming requests in our API route.

import { z } from "zod";

// Define a schema for the standup data
const standupSchema = z.object({
  name: z.string().trim().nonempty(),
  days: z.number().array().min(1).max(7),
  time: z.string().datetime(),
  postStandupTime: z.string().datetime(),
  standupLead: z
    .object({
      name: z.string().trim().nonempty(),
      id: z.string(),
    })
    .required(),
  questions: z
    .array(z.object({ text: z.string().min(1), isActive: z.boolean() }))
    .min(1),
  channel: z.object({
    name: z.string().trim().nonempty(),
    id: z.string(),
  }),
  members: z
    .array(
      z.object({
        name: z.string().trim().nonempty(),
        id: z.string(),
      })
    )
    .min(1),
  isActive: z.union([z.boolean(), z.undefined()]),
  schedulerId: z.string().optional(),
  timezone: z.string().min(1),
  postType: z.string().min(1),
});

export type StandupDetail = z.infer;

Validating Incoming Data
In your API route, you can use safeParse to validate the request body against the schema. This ensures the data is valid before proceeding with further logic.

export async function PATCH(req: NextRequest) {
  const body = await req.json();
  
  // Validate the request body using the schema
  const response = standupSchema.safeParse(body);
  
  if (!response.success) {
    const { errors } = response.error;
    return NextResponse.json(
      { error: { message: "Invalid Payload", errors } },
      { status: 400 }
    );
  }
  
  // If successful, extract the validated data
  const {
    name,
    days,
    time,
    postStandupTime,
    questions,
    channel,
    members,
    isActive,
    timezone,
    standupLead,
    postType,
  }: StandupDetail = response.data;

  // Proceed with your logic using the validated data
}

Key Benefits -
• Type Safety: With zod and TypeScript, you get strong typing, ensuring that the validated data has the expected shape.
• Automatic Error Handling: If the validation fails, you can easily catch errors and send meaningful feedback.
• Data Consistency: Guarantees that the incoming data adheres to a predefined structure, making your API more reliable and robust.
#zod #type-security #json

How to test an API endpoint.

Lets say we have to test an API endpoint api/projects

describe("POST /api/projects", () => {
    test("redirect with 401 status if the user is not logged in", async () => {
      jest
        .spyOn(nextAuth, "getServerSession")
        .mockImplementation(() => Promise.resolve());

      const req = createRequest<APIRequest>({
        method: "POST",
        url: "/api/projects",
        body: projectData,
      });

      const res = await postProjectHandler(req as any);
      expect(res.status).toEqual(401);
    });

    test("return 400 if the request body is invalid", async () => {
      jest.spyOn(nextAuth, "getServerSession").mockImplementation(() =>
        Promise.resolve({
          user: {
            id: user.id,
          },
        })
      );

      const req = createRequest<APIRequest>({
        method: "POST",
        url: "/api/projects",
        body: {},
      });

      req.json = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(req.body);

      const res = await postProjectHandler(req as any);

      expect(res.status).toEqual(400);
    });

    test("store project in database", async () => {
      jest.spyOn(nextAuth, "getServerSession").mockImplementation(() =>
        Promise.resolve({
          user: {
            id: user.id,
          },
        })
      );

      const mockResponse = {
        ok: true,
        team: {
          id: "T08DABCD",
          name: "Prisma",
        },
      };

      const mockList = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
       = mockList;

      const req = createRequest<APIRequest>({
        method: "POST",
        url: "/api/projects",
        body: {
          ...projectData,
        },
      });

      req.json = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(req.body);

      const res = await postProjectHandler(req as any);
      const json = await res.json();

      expect(res.status).toEqual(201);
      expect(json.project.name).toEqual("Test name");
      expect(json.project.description).toEqual(
        "Test description"
      );
    });
  });

1. describe: This is a block in Jest used to group related tests together. In our case, it groups tests for the POST /api/projects endpoint. It helps organize tests logically.
2. test: Each test block defines an individual test case. It contains a name (description) of what it’s testing and a function with the test logic. The three tests are:
• User is redirected with a 401 if they are not logged in.
• A 400 status is returned if the request body is invalid.
• The project is stored in the database when valid data is provided.
3. Mocking:
• jest.spyOn(): This creates a mock (or "spy") for a specific function. In this case, we are mocking the getServerSession function from nextAuth to control its output (whether the user is logged in or not). This avoids actually calling the real function and allows you to simulate different conditions.
• Mock Implementation: With .mockImplementation(), we’re replacing the real function with a custom one. For example, in the first test, Promise.resolve() is returned to simulate a missing session (not logged in).
4. createRequest<APIRequest>(): This is likely a helper function that creates a mock request object for testing. We use this to simulate an HTTP request (like sending a POST request to your /api/projects endpoint). It includes:
• method: Specifies that it’s a POST request.
• url: The endpoint being tested.
• body: The request data sent with the POST request.
5. postProjectHandler(req as any): This function is our handler for the POST /api/projects endpoint. It processes the incoming request (in req), validates the data, and performs actions like saving to the database or returning errors. We’re testing the results of this function.
6. Assertions:
• expect(res.status).toEqual(401): This is checking if the response status matches the expected value. For example, in the first test, we expect a 401 status if the user isn’t logged in.
• expect(json.project.name).toEqual("Test name"): Here, you're checking if the response JSON contains the correct project name.
#CCT1JMA0Z #promises #C041BBLJ57G #jest #appRouter

How to test an API endpoint.

Let's say we have to test an endpoint /api/projects.

describe("POST /api/projects", () => {
    test("redirect with 401 status if the user is not logged in", async () => {
      jest
        .spyOn(nextAuth, "getServerSession")
        .mockImplementation(() => Promise.resolve());

      const req = createRequest<APIRequest>({
        method: "POST",
        url: "/api/projects",
        body: projectData,
      });

      const res = await postProjectHandler(req as any);
      expect(res.status).toEqual(401);
    });

    test("return 400 if the request body is invalid", async () => {
      jest.spyOn(nextAuth, "getServerSession").mockImplementation(() =>
        Promise.resolve({
          user: {
            id: user.id,
          },
        })
      );

      const req = createRequest<APIRequest>({
        method: "POST",
        url: "/api/projects",
        body: {},
      });

      req.json = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(req.body);

      const res = await postProjectHandler(req as any);

      expect(res.status).toEqual(400);
    });

    test("store project in database", async () => {
      jest.spyOn(nextAuth, "getServerSession").mockImplementation(() =>
        Promise.resolve({
          user: {
            id: user.id,
          },
        })
      );

      const mockResponse = {
        ok: true,
        team: {
          id: "T08DABCD",
          name: "Prisma",
        },
      };

      const mockList = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockResponse);
       = mockList;

      const req = createRequest<APIRequest>({
        method: "POST",
        url: "/api/projects",
        body: {
          ...projectData,
        },
      });

      req.json = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(req.body);

      const res = await postProjectHandler(req as any);
      const json = await res.json();

      expect(res.status).toEqual(201);
      expect(json.project.name).toEqual("Test name");
      expect(json.project.description).toEqual(
        "Test description"
      );
    });
  });

Using the server.table() method in Hapi.js we can retrieve all the registered routes in a server instance. It returns an array of route groups, containing details like the HTTP method, path, settings and other relevant information.
#hapi.js #server

Sending Body Data as json:
The json function in the request is simulating the body of the request. In a real-world scenario, when you send a request with data (like when you're submitting a form or sending some payload), it is typically part of the body of the HTTP request.
In your test case:

json: async () => ({
  standupData,
}),

This simulates the request body. Since you're testing a PATCH method (which is often used to update resources), the server expects some data to update the resource. This json function acts like a mock for what would be req.body in a real request. In your API handler, you'd probably be extracting the body data using something like:

const data = await req.json();

Thus, the test needs to mock this body data to simulate a real request. It's done asynchronously here because in actual implementations, reading the body data is often asynchronous (e.g., when streaming).
Passing Context (with params):
The context object typically holds parameters that are passed via the route in a Next.js API request, especially when using dynamic routes (e.g., /api/standups/[id]/toggle-status). In Next.js, when you define a dynamic API route like /api/standups/[id]/toggle-status, the id is part of the route path, and Next.js passes it in the context.params object.
In your test case:

const context = {
  params: {
    id: standup.id,
  },
};

You're simulating the dynamic parameter id as part of the request. This is necessary because your API handler likely expects id to come from the route context (not just from the query string or body). In the handler, you're accessing context.params.id:

const { id } = context.params as { id: string };

This allows your API handler to know which standup you're targeting for the update.
#app-router #dynamic-routes #json

The dig method in Ruby is used to safely extract nested values from arrays or hashes. It allows us to traverse a data structure without worrying about whether each level of the structure exists, thus avoiding NoMethodError exceptions that occur when trying to call methods on nil.

Syntax:

hash_or_array.dig(*keys)

Example:

data = {
  user: {
    profile: {
      name: "John",
      age: 30
    }
  }
}

name = data.dig(:user, :profile, :name) # => "John"

#ruby #CU6U0R822